Monday, December 14, 2015

Crystal Pattern Mapping Can Recover Obliterated Serial Numbers In Metals


Crystal Pattern Mapping Can Recover Obliterated Serial Numbers In Metals
        Researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have used a new technique in order to recover destroyed serial numbers on metal objects such as firearms. Researchers tested this new technique, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD),  by stamping a X 140 micrometers into stainless steel. This X would act as if it was a serial number on a gun. They then removed this X by polishing it away. To recover the X, researchers combined pattern quality maps by using a computer software, revealing crystal damage and deformation in the steel. The deformation took place about 70 micrometers below the surface, much deeper than the actual x stamp. This technique would also help other needs such as vehicle identification
numbers or striations on an ammunition case. Previous methods used to recover serial numbers were acid or electrolytic etching. These methods didn't always work. The technique of hammering in a X is still experimental but it shows some promise. This is time consuming though; A technician would need 3 full days to construct an 8-character number.
       This technique would be very beneficial towards society. Even though it's not clear if this would work on the most extreme cases of destruction, researchers are testing this everyday to improve their data. This would help solve cases of disposed weapons with their serial number etched out. This would recover the number and hopefully connect to the prime suspect. This would also help researchers who look at automobiles and ballistics since it could reconstruct impressions or numbers on them.
    This article was very interesting. The author of this article included many details pertaining to the technique. This included what it does, how it is used, and what else it could be used for. I wish the author included how they would use the technique on other objects besides the stainless steel. Overall, I enjoyed reading the article.
   
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). "Crystal pattern mapping can recover obliterated serial numbers in metals." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 12 February 2015. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/02/150212102848.htm>.

New Technique Can Identify Gender From a Fingerprint

A new test that can be performed at crime scenes can help forensic scientists determine whether the suspect is a male or female. This test is based on certain amino acids found in fingerprints. The levels of these acids are twice as high in the sweat of women than as men. This test has been done a doorknob, a desktop, a benchtop and a computer screen. In every case forensic experts were able to determine whether the person who touched the object was male or female due to the levels of residual amino acids. However, according to Dr. Hamalek, the study “involved only a few fingerprints, however, and a larger sample is required to ensure the results are statistically significant.” Scientists are trying to create further tests using protein markers found in blood samples to create a “very simple kit” that can determine whether the person is “young or old, male or female, and their ethnicity.” However, these tests it is important to note will not replace DNA tests even with their high costs and and time consumption.
This new test is very important to society as a whole. If forensic experts can perform this test and get correct results every time, then police forces can easily narrow down suspects, especially if the tests that determine age and ethnicity are performed. However, if this test is not perfected, then people could be wrongfully crossed off the list as a suspect. But all in all, this would avoid people from being considered suspects when they shouldn’t be.
This article was very interesting. I liked how the author talked about specific examples of where this test was performed. I also liked that she didn’t just say this new test is working fine. She explained thoroughly how this test is still being perfected. I wish she went into depth about how the test actually worked. I also wish she went into more detail about how it will be implemented into society. Overall, I really enjoyed reading this article.


Bhanoo, Sindya N. "New Technique Can Classify a Fingerprint as Male or Female." The New York Times. The New York Times, 23 Nov. 2015. Web. 14 Dec. 2015.

Wednesday, December 9, 2015

Altered Fingerprints: A Challenge to Law Enforcement Identification Efforts

Yusrah Seddiki December 9 2015
Forensic Science Current Event #10


"Free Newsletter." Altered Fingerprints: A Challenge to Law Enforcement Identification Efforts. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Dec. 2015.


Law enforcement agencies have used fingerprints to identify individuals for almost a century now. FBI fingerprint examiners have encountered situations where criminals, including those in the country illegally, intentionally altered their fingertips themselves or with the assistance of medical professionals. They falsely believed that doing so would prevent law enforcement officials from discovering their true identities. In 2014 the FBI's Criminal Justice Information Services (CJIS) Division conducted a study of altered fingerprint records maintained in its Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS). FBI fingerprint examiners isolated 412 fingerprint records in IAFIS that maintained indicators of deliberate print alteration. A review of those records for patterns and trends revealed that Massachusetts officials had the most encounters with individuals who had altered fingerprints, followed by New York, Texas, California, and Arizona. A substantial number of individuals who altered their prints were arrested for drug-related offenses, followed in measure by immigration-related offenses, theft, and violent crimes. All of these individuals with intentionally changed prints had extensive criminal records. The CJIS Division categorized the alteration types based upon the suspected method used to mutilate the fingerprint. The alterations most frequently encountered were the vertical cut or slice, followed by the z-pattern cut, intentional burns, and unknown or uncategorized. The intent of the z-pattern cut is to scar and distort the natural fingerprint into an unnatural pattern. Using a heat or chemical source to burn the fingertip, the burn method is intended to scar or obliterate the print. If the affected area is small, fingerprint examiners can use other areas of the fingers that contain sufficient prints to attempt to establish identity. Suspects associated with an unknown method of alteration use a variety of techniques. They may bite or use sandpaper to eliminate fingerprint ridges necessary for identification. When law enforcement agencies report altered fingerprints, they help CJIS significantly improve the knowledge base of print alterations and ensure a high rate of identification accuracy. The CJIS Division works with all levels of law enforcement to maintain an awareness of fingerprint modifications and improve measures for identification.
This article was very interesting, it was very easy to read through and understand the topic, however it could have been better if the author explained how they can still find their true identity through their altered fingerprints. However, it is good to know that these criminals can’t get away with what they are doing, and that forensic investigators can identify who they really are.

Tuesday, December 8, 2015

Bringing a new biometric capability to verify families separated by crisis

Yumi Mita
Mr. Ippolito
Forensics AB ODD
8 December 2015

Current Event 8: Review

Homeland Security's Science & Technology Directorate. "Bringing a new biometric capability to verify families separated by crisis." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 22 October 2015. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/10/151022130341.htm>.

A newly technology known as a Rapid DNA was developed by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Science and Technology Directorate (S&T). It can be used to assist first responders and law enforcements when there are a mass of people in chaos and in need to contact their family or verify their deaths; possible scenarios involve massacre, refugee camps around the world, or at immigration offices. The S&T Homeland Security Advanced Research Projects Agency (HSARPA) Resilient Systems Division (RSD) Program Manager Chris Miles explains "responders have often used DNA to make familial connections, but the process typically takes multiple days to process in a forensics laboratory and can take up to a few months to get the results". Midst conflict, time and resources become scarce. With DNA results’ time-consuming process, people often become apprehensive and frustrated; worsening the situation. However, with this "Rapid DNA technology can be used in the field to confirm kinship between a parent and a child with 99.5 percent likelihood of relationship in 90 minutes” (Miles).
Given this positive result, it is not surprising to know many entities across the homeland security enterprise have expressed the need for this type of technology. This technology came about when the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services approached S&T about a solution more reliable than documentary evidence and interviews to help verify blood relationships in refugee camps while joining forces the Departments of Defense and Justice to develop and test such technology. The Federal Emergency Management Agency and U.S. Customs and Border Protection also support their development when required for disaster response and law enforcement missions. Not only government services, but also the local medical examiners have expressed their interest in Rapid DNA technology. Soon after S&T made public of the technology, the Massachusetts Office of the Chief Medical Examiner (MA-OCME) purchased it to be prepared for any disasters or life endangering situations.
In order to produce Rapid DNA that was functional and affordable, S&T found two companies, NetBio and IntegenX, that made it possible. Since DNA testing by traditional forensic laboratories typically costs around $500 per sample, the goal for Rapid DNA to cost is less than $100 to process a sample. Today it is already down to $235 per sample and the costs will continue to fall as production increases.In addition to its cost reduction, S&T constructed Rapid DNA with a 'privacy by design' approach. It requires identity authentication for operators to check data. Moreover, Rapid DNA only looks at DNA locations required to confirm a match and does not specifics: physical traits, race, ethnicity, or illness.
The capabilities Rapid DNA instill have an immense effect on the society today since immigration issues and mass conflicts like terrorism occur on daily bases. With this tool, people will be able to figure out each other’s whereabouts more easily. I thought this invention would be perfected soon, and many, not only the authority but also locals, will begin to make use of it. I think the article did a good job of informing the innovation by presenting the background and quotes from its producers.

Seeking justice decades after slayings

CITATION
Malagon, Elvis. "Seeking Justice Decades after Slayings." Northwestern Indiana Times. The Times of Northwestern Indiana, 6 Dec. 2015. Web. 8 Dec. 2015. <http://www.nwitimes.com/news/local/lake/seeking-justice-decades-after-slayings/articleb250a071-fbe8-5c72-bd25-d371edd37967.html>.
SUMMARY
The Lake County CSI unit has dedicated itself to solving some of the 600 cold cases in the area. It all started when a detective from Gary, Indiana asked to see a filed cold case about an eight year old boy named Kenny Conrick who had died in 1979. After reopening the case, the sheriff department commander Matt Eaton and his department’s team managed to successfully relate the DNA found on Conrick’s clothes to David B. Bowen, who later pleaded guilty.
As a result, this case has provoked a lot of interest in other cold cases too. According to Malagon, “Eaton said they were able to piece together a database of about 600 homicides that had taken place from 1975 to 2001 in Lake County” and that “about 20 of those homicides had been solved by searching through the newspaper articles at the county library”. Later on, he explains that cases are examined to see if any DNA evidence that could connect a suspect to one of the homicides. If there is potential that a possible suspect’s DNA can be found, then the team can use advanced DNA tests to figure who the culprit could possibly be.
However, Malagon is careful to explain that sometimes cases can be solved without genetic evidence. He lists a few more cases regarding Christian Choate, Linda C. Martin, and a strangled toddler. Not all cases were happily resolved but these cold cases were eventually cracked, even if it did open up quite a few festering wounds for those involved.
Last but not least, Elvis Malagon also discusses how the crime scene unit is vital for solving cold cases, no matter how much time has passed. It holds case files that have lasted ever since the 1970’s. Regarding homicides, the sheriff department handles the process of collecting evidence, something which never changes throughout the decades. Malagon expands on this idea by stating, “Any damp items are still air dried before they are packaged in brown paper bags, which helps preserve the evidence.”
Simply put, it is a fact that every forensics investigator should understand. He also explains fingerprint analysis and firearm examination. However, what it may be, it is clear that people have high hopes for solving even the toughest of nuts to crack.
Certainly, a detective’s work is never over.
RELEVANCE
“Seeking justice decades after slayings”, written by Elvis Malagon, is one of the most compelling arguments yet. While the public normally keeps murders out of sight and out of mind, people are seldom privy to the many, many cold cases left unsolved. Now, however, light can be shed on these cases, and the general populace will surely have a greater understanding of how advanced technology has become.
Also, while this article has proven to be most fascinating and even informative about evidence collection, it is also very poignant and sensitive to those affected by these very cases. Some of the people they discuss are parents of the victim.
However, some parents are merely collateral damage, like the mother of a strangled toddler, who was unwilling to divulge much information. Unfortunately, despite the fact that the mother’s ex-boyfriend’s DNA was present at the crime scene, it was not enough to press charges.
Perhaps it is an unintentional trend, but interestingly enough, some parents did seem to murder their own child. For example, Christian Choate, a ten year old, was neglected by his father and stepmother and even was kept in a dog cage before dying. His death was not reported until he was found in a nearby shallow grave.
Hopefully, after this article, society will be exposed to more cases regarding child abuse since many cold cases seem to have an abused child as the victim. This article highlights an important trend in many cold cases but no one can hide. Now these deceased children will finally be able to reach closure because of these investigations. On another note, the victims’ extended families will also be informed of what has happened to these minors and they may at long last receive a proper burial. And in the court of public opinion, even if there is not enough evidence to convict someone as a murder, if signs of abuse are present on a deceased child, then appraisal of the parents’ crimes will be obvious. Officials will be alert in case if said parents had any other children too.
Above all, it is encouraging that many investigators are determined and full of aspirations to deliver justice to cold case victims. The faith that they have in their technology and in their teams will be crucial for solving not just Lake County’s 600 cold cases but will be also important for solving cases outside of Gary, Indiana too. There is a great chance that other cities and states will follow in Indiana’s wake.
CRITIQUE
Overall, “Seeking justice decades after slayings” has proven to be an extremely well-written article. It separates its article into three subtopics to provide some organization, and the writing and syntax are nearly perfect. The topic is fresh but engaging.
It is easy to say that this article holds minimal errors. Yet, nothing is perfect, not even this piece of writing. One must remember that it is quite lengthy, enough to be divided into three topics. While the plethora of information is very much appreciated, perhaps the article could be shortened, at least a little bit.
Secondly, the only other problem is that most of these sections end with quotes. Quotes are great; they are stylish and they can add to each subject. However, when it comes to this news article, there are probably better means of closure. For instance, Malagon writes, “‘Everyone has their role in trying to bring justice for these cases,’ Judge said.” Even though the quote is very inspiring, and it is backed up by the rest of the article, Malagon can probably afford to discuss the relevance of these finds a little more to wrap up the report.
It is important to discuss the relevance so that a connection with a global context is more present. The more that connection thickens, the more significant the article can become. Nevertheless, the subject was attention-grabbing and intriguing in general.
In conclusion, this article was absolutely superb with a few subtle nitpicks.

Crime scene discovery: Scientist separates the DNA of identical twins

Crime scene discovery: Scientist separates the DNA of identical twins



This article highlights a breakthrough in scientific discovery that allows forensic scientists to distinguish the DNA of identical twins. Since the 1980s DNA profiling has been a vital tool for forensic investigators, but in the courtroom legal issues have arisen in cases involving an identical twin. Due to the factor of doubt to which of the pair could have committed the crime prosecutions have been dropped and the bad guy has gotten off on a technicality. But now Dr. Graham Williams and his Forensic Genetics Research Group at the University of Huddersfield have found a solution. A previous method known as “mutation analysis” allows you to tell twins apart by sequencing the whole genome of both twins to identify mutations that might have occurred to one of them. But this has its flaws if neither of the twins has a mutation, and its expensive which police forces would not be able to spend. Dr. Williams concept is based on DNA methylation. DNA methylation is what turns our genes on/off in our body. As twins get older the develop different habits (i.e. smoker/ non smoker) and live in different environments which cause changes in the methylation status of their DNA. Dr Williams and his team found a way to measure the melting point of two DNA samples by subjecting the DNA to increasingly high temperatures until the hydrogen bonds break. DNA With different methylation statuses will measure at different points. Therefore allowing you to tell the twins DNA apart. They named this method "high resolution melt curve analysis" (HRMA).
This new discovery has taken the forensic society one step closer to eliminating DNA technicalities from the courtroom. It will cause much fewer prosecutions to be dropped and far more criminals to be convicted of their crimes. It also brings forensic science closer to being more positive in separating DNA that is very similar between strangers and siblings. the chance that strangers have the same DNA is one in a billion and for siblings it is one in ten thousand, but that is still possibility. And if it is, forensic scientists can now use HRMA to disprove doubt in the courtroom.
I think the article did an excellent job explaining the new technique in layman's terms. It was scientific, yet not too difficult to understand, and very relatable. The article would have been stronger if it had mentioned some of the cases which were dropped in court involving twins. That factor would have helped by emphasizing the relevance to society in my review as well.

University of Huddersfield. "Crime scene discovery: Scientist separates the DNA of identical twins." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 23 April 2015.

Monday, December 7, 2015

Glowing Fingerprints to Fight Crime


The article “Glowing Fingerprints to Fight Crime” is about a new technique that is able to detect and analyze fingerprints. By adding a drop of liquid containing crystals, investigators can use a UV light to find the invisible fingerprints. Under the UV light the fingerprints glow and this process only takes about 30 seconds. “The tiny crystals rapidly bind to fingerprint residue, including proteins, peptides, fatty acids, and salts.” This creates a coating that is a replica of the pattern/fingerprint on the evidence. Also since this works on a molecular level, this method is very precise and has a lower risk of damaging the fingerprints. Dr. Kang Liang who works at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) believes that this technique could be used for more challenging evidence where the dusting technique would not be appropriate. Forensics experts and the police have different techniques on analyzing evidence and sometimes the evidence has to be sent to the lab, but this method reduces these steps. “A digital device can be used at the scene to capture images of the glowing prints to run through the database in real time.” The CSIRO has also tested this technique on a window, a wine glass, metal blades, and plastic light switches. In all these cases the technique was successful.
This new discovery is significant because this technique can reveal hidden fingerprints in seconds. This technique is also very precise and doesn’t damage the fingerprints. This is important because if the fingerprints are valuable they can later be used in court and if they are damaged then this evidence becomes useless. Since the method is pretty efficient it can be used in future cases to find invisible fingerprints on evidence instead of having to send the evidence into the lab. Sending the evidence to the lab and getting the results can take days, so this method is much more convenient and efficient.
I found this article to be interesting because this technique will make it easier to find invisible fingerprints on evidence. This discovery will be important for future investigations. The article also did a good job in explaining the method and why this discovery is important. This article was very informative and I learned a lot. Overall, the article was easy to understand and really interesting.


"Glowing Fingerprints to Fight Crime." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 21 Oct. 2015. Web. 07
Dec. 2015.